Exploring Hierapolis: The Ancient City of Healing and Wonders in Denizli, Turkey

Tucked away in the southwestern region of Turkey, where ancient ruins meet natural marvels, lies Hierapolis, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the most iconic archaeological destinations in the country. Overlooking the surreal white terraces of Pamukkale, this ancient city once thrived as a spiritual and cultural center, drawing pilgrims, philosophers, and emperors alike. Today, Hierapolis continues to enchant travelers from around the globe with its rich history, dramatic landscapes, and striking architectural remnants.

A Glimpse into History

Founded in the 2nd century BCE by the Attalid kings of Pergamon, Hierapolis was later absorbed into the Roman Empire and blossomed into a prosperous city. It became renowned not only for its religious significance but also for its thermal springs, which were believed to possess healing properties. The name “Hierapolis” is thought to mean "Holy City," likely referencing its religious foundations and the temples that once dotted the landscape.

Under Roman rule, Hierapolis reached its peak in the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE, becoming a cosmopolitan hub with grand avenues, theatres, baths, temples, and necropolises. It was also a prominent center of early Christianity; tradition holds that St. Philip the Apostle was martyred here, and his tomb remains a sacred site.

Architectural Highlights

Walking through Hierapolis is like stepping into the pages of a history book. The ruins are remarkably well-preserved, offering insight into ancient urban planning and Roman architecture.

1. The Theatre

One of the most striking features of Hierapolis is its Greco-Roman theatre, which could seat up to 15,000 spectators. Built into the hillside, the theatre boasts a two-story stage building (scaenae frons) adorned with ornate reliefs depicting mythological scenes. Despite centuries of wear, it remains one of the most intact ancient theatres in Turkey, and the panoramic view from the top tier is breathtaking.

2. The Necropolis

Stretching for over 2 kilometers, the necropolis (city of the dead) is one of the largest ancient cemeteries in Anatolia. It features over 1,200 tombs, including sarcophagi, tumuli, and monumental family graves. The diverse styles reflect the multicultural makeup of the ancient city's inhabitants—Romans, Greeks, Jews, and early Christians—all of whom sought to be buried near the sacred springs.

3. The Temple of Apollo and the Plutonium

The Temple of Apollo, dedicated to the city’s patron god, stands near the site of the Plutonium, an ancient religious cave believed to be an entrance to the underworld. This mysterious cave emitted toxic gases that could kill small animals, which priests used to demonstrate their divine protection. Although it may seem like myth, modern studies have confirmed the presence of carbon dioxide emissions from geothermal activity.

4. The Baths and Basilica

Hierapolis was famous for its thermal baths, and the ruins of several public bathing complexes can still be explored. The Roman Bath, converted into a basilica in the Christian era, showcases the blend of pagan and Christian architecture. Massive stone columns and spacious halls evoke the grandeur of imperial Rome.

The Sacred Pools of Pamukkale

No visit to Hierapolis is complete without experiencing the adjacent Pamukkale terraces. The name, meaning “Cotton Castle” in Turkish, refers to the dazzling white travertine formations created by mineral-rich thermal waters. For thousands of years, these hot springs have attracted visitors seeking relaxation and rejuvenation.

At the heart of this geothermal wonder is the Antique Pool, also known as Cleopatra’s Pool. According to legend, the Egyptian queen herself swam in these waters. Today, visitors can bathe among submerged ancient columns and marble ruins while enjoying the warm, healing waters. It’s a truly unique experience—where archaeology meets luxury spa.

Hierapolis Archaeology Museum

Housed in the former Roman Bath complex, the Hierapolis Archaeology Museum offers a fascinating look at artifacts uncovered in the area. The collection includes statues, sarcophagi, jewelry, and inscriptions, as well as relics from nearby Laodicea and Tripolis. The museum is a must-visit for those eager to understand the cultural and artistic achievements of the ancient inhabitants.

Visiting Tips and Practical Information

• Location: Hierapolis is located in the Denizli Province of Turkey, about 20 kilometers from the city of Denizli. It is easily accessible by bus, car, or guided tours from nearby towns.
• Opening Hours: The site is open year-round, with longer hours during the summer months. Visiting early in the morning or late afternoon is ideal for avoiding crowds and heat.
• Entry Fees: A combined ticket covers entry to Hierapolis, Pamukkale, and the Archaeological Museum. Prices are reasonable and vary for domestic and international tourists.
• What to Bring: Comfortable walking shoes are essential, as the site is expansive and includes uneven terrain. Sunscreen, water, and a camera are also recommended. Swimsuits are necessary if you plan to bathe in the Antique Pool.

Why Visit Hierapolis?

Hierapolis offers a rare combination of historical depth, spiritual intrigue, and natural beauty. Whether you’re an archaeology enthusiast, a spiritual seeker, or a casual traveler, the city’s ruins and hot springs provide a memorable journey through time. From the dramatic rise of Roman architecture to the mystical allure of ancient healing practices, Hierapolis invites you to explore a world where myth and history converge.

In the words of UNESCO, Hierapolis-Pamukkale is a place where “the awe-inspiring natural formations blend with the magnificence of ancient art and architecture.” Indeed, few places on earth offer such a seamless blend of human achievement and nature’s artistry.