Exploring the Depths of History: Kaymaklı Underground City, Nevşehir, Turkey

Nestled in the heart of Cappadocia, one of Turkey’s most captivating regions, lies a hidden world beneath the earth’s surface: the Kaymaklı Underground City. This fascinating subterranean complex, located in Nevşehir Province, is a testament to the ingenuity and resilience of ancient civilizations. A visit to Kaymaklı is not just a step back in time—it is a journey deep into the mysteries of history, geology, and human survival.

A Glimpse Into the Past

The origins of Kaymaklı Underground City date back to the 8th–7th centuries BCE, during the time of the Phrygians or possibly earlier. However, it was during the Byzantine era, especially from the 5th century onwards, that the city was expanded into a multi-level refuge. It served as a sanctuary for early Christians escaping religious persecution, Arab raids, and later various invasions during the medieval period.

Cappadocia's unique volcanic rock, soft and malleable, allowed ancient inhabitants to carve extensive tunnel systems and rooms into the earth. Over time, these underground cities became not only shelters but thriving communities. Kaymaklı is believed to have once housed up to 3,500 people, complete with living quarters, kitchens, wine cellars, storage rooms, and even religious spaces.

Architecture and Layout

Kaymaklı is the largest underground city in Cappadocia in terms of surface area. Of the city’s eight levels, four are currently open to visitors. The remaining levels remain inaccessible either due to safety concerns or ongoing excavation and preservation efforts.

Walking through Kaymaklı is like stepping into an ancient warren. Narrow corridors, steep staircases, and cleverly hidden doors connect rooms that once served various purposes. The layout is deliberately complex—a strategic design to confuse intruders and protect the inhabitants. Massive stone doors that roll into place could seal off entire sections, creating secure havens during sieges.

Each level served a different function:

• First Level: Entrance, stables, and public areas.

• Second Level: Living quarters and kitchens, featuring ancient ovens and smoke ventilation shafts.

• Third Level: Churches and chapels, evidence of the city's Christian heritage.

• Fourth Level: Storage rooms, wineries, and communication tunnels.

The air quality underground is surprisingly good, thanks to a sophisticated system of ventilation shafts—some extending more than 70 meters in depth. Water wells, carved deep into the rock, ensured a reliable water supply.

Daily Life Underground

Despite being hidden from the world, life in Kaymaklı was far from dormant. The inhabitants of this underground haven carried out most daily activities just as they would above ground. There were places for food preparation, livestock holding, and even social gatherings.

The kitchens still bear the soot marks from ancient fires. The wineries have troughs carved into the floor for crushing grapes, and storage rooms were stocked with grains, dried fruits, and tools. Frescoes and altars in the churches suggest a strong religious presence and community life.

Remarkably, the city was equipped for long-term habitation. During times of attack, people could live underground for months at a time. The self-sufficient design speaks volumes about the builders' foresight and adaptability.

Visitor Experience

Today, Kaymaklı is one of the most visited sites in Cappadocia, attracting thousands of tourists annually. As part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia, it holds significant cultural and historical importance.

Visitors can explore the open levels via narrow tunnels (some just shoulder-width), so those with claustrophobia should be cautious. Low ceilings require frequent ducking, and sturdy footwear is recommended due to uneven surfaces.

Tour guides are available at the entrance, offering insights into the site's history, architecture, and legends. Self-guided tours are also possible, with clear signposts and lighting to help navigate the maze-like paths.

Nearby Attractions

While Kaymaklı is a standout site, it's just one of many wonders in Cappadocia. Visitors often combine their trip with:

• Derinkuyu Underground City: Another vast subterranean city located nearby.

• Göreme Open Air Museum: A stunning collection of rock-hewn churches and monasteries.

• Uçhisar Castle: A natural rock formation with panoramic views.

• Hot Air Balloon Rides: A quintessential Cappadocia experience at sunrise.

• Avanos and Ürgüp: Charming towns known for pottery, wines, and traditional Turkish culture.

Cultural Significance

Kaymaklı is more than a tourist site—it is a symbol of human perseverance and innovation. It reflects how people adapted to their environment and to political or military threats over centuries. For modern Turkey, it represents an essential chapter in the story of Anatolia, a bridge between East and West.

Its preservation and continued study are vital for both historical scholarship and cultural tourism. Turkish authorities and international bodies have taken steps to ensure its conservation, recognizing the fragility of such ancient marvels.

Travel Tips

• Getting There: Kaymaklı is about 20 km south of Nevşehir city center. It is easily accessible by car, taxi, or local tours.

• Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn (April–June and September–October) offer the best weather. Summers can be hot, and winter snows might limit access.

• Entrance Fee: As of 2025, the entrance fee ranges around 300-350 Turkish Lira. A Museum Pass Cappadocia might include it.

• Duration: Set aside 1–2 hours for a comfortable tour.

• Accessibility: Not wheelchair-friendly due to narrow tunnels and steep stairs.

Conclusion

Visiting Kaymaklı Underground City is a profound experience that brings history to life in the most unexpected way—beneath the earth’s surface. It is a journey into the resilience of human spirit and the creativity of ancient communities. Whether you're a history enthusiast, an archaeology lover, or a curious traveler, Kaymaklı promises an unforgettable adventure into one of the world’s most extraordinary underground civilizations.